// A transformation that bends points along a path transform3 bend(path3 g, real t) { triple dir=dir(g,t); triple a=point(g,0), b=postcontrol(g,0); triple c=precontrol(g,1), d=point(g,1); triple dir1=b-a; triple dir2=c-b; triple dir3=d-c; triple u = unit(cross(dir1,dir3)); real eps=1000*realEpsilon; if(abs(u) < eps) { u = unit(cross(dir1,dir2)); if(abs(u) < eps) { u = unit(cross(dir2,dir3)); if(abs(u) < eps) // linear segment: use any direction perpendicular to initial direction u = perp(dir1); } } u = unit(perp(u,dir)); triple w=cross(dir,u); triple q=point(g,t); return new real[][] { {u.x,w.x,dir.x,q.x}, {u.y,w.y,dir.y,q.y}, {u.z,w.z,dir.z,q.z}, {0,0,0,1} }; } // bend a point along a path; assumes that p.z is in [0,scale] triple bend(triple p, path3 g, real scale) { return bend(g,arctime(g,arclength(g)+p.z-scale))*(p.x,p.y,0); } void bend(surface s, path3 g, real L) { for(patch p : s.s) { for(int i=0; i < 4; ++i) { for(int j=0; j < 4; ++j) { p.P[i][j]=bend(p.P[i][j],g,L); } } } } // Refine a noncyclic path3 g so that it approaches its endpoint in // geometrically spaced steps. path3 approach(path3 p, int n, real radix=3) { guide3 G; real L=length(p); real tlast=0; real r=1/radix; for(int i=1; i < n; ++i) { real t=L*(1-r^i); G=G&subpath(p,tlast,t); tlast=t; } return G&subpath(p,tlast,L); } struct arrowhead3 { arrowhead arrowhead2=DefaultHead; real size(pen p)=arrowsize; real arcsize(pen p)=arcarrowsize; real gap=1; real size; bool splitpath=false; surface head(path3 g, position position=EndPoint, pen p=currentpen, real size=0, real angle=arrowangle, filltype filltype=null, bool forwards=true, projection P=currentprojection); static surface surface(path3 g, position position, real size, path[] h, pen p, filltype filltype, triple normal, projection P) { bool relative=position.relative; real position=position.position.x; if(relative) position=reltime(g,position); path3 r=subpath(g,position,0); path3 s=subpath(r,arctime(r,size),0); if(filltype == null) filltype=FillDraw(p); bool draw=filltype.type != filltype.Fill; triple v=point(s,length(s)); triple N=normal == O ? P.normal : normal; triple w=unit(v-point(s,0)); transform3 t=transform3(w,unit(cross(w,N))); path3[] H=t*path3(h); surface s; real width=linewidth(p); if(filltype != NoFill && filltype.type != filltype.UnFill && filltype.type != filltype.Draw) { triple n=0.5*width*unit(t*Z); s=surface(shift(n)*H,planar=true); s.append(surface(shift(-n)*H,planar=true)); if(!draw) for(path g : h) s.append(shift(-n)*t*extrude(g,width*Z)); } if(draw) for(path3 g : H) { tube T=tube(g,width); for(surface S : T.s) s.append(S); } return shift(v)*s; } static path project(path3 g, bool forwards, projection P) { path h=project(forwards ? g : reverse(g),P); return shift(-point(h,length(h)))*h; } static path[] align(path H, path h) { static real fuzz=1000*realEpsilon; real[][] t=intersections(H,h,fuzz*max(abs(max(h)),abs(min(h)))); return t.length >= 2 ? rotate(-degrees(point(H,t[0][0])-point(H,t[1][0]),warn=false))*H : H; } } arrowhead3 DefaultHead3; DefaultHead3.head=new surface(path3 g, position position=EndPoint, pen p=currentpen, real size=0, real angle=arrowangle, filltype filltype=null, bool forwards=true, projection P=currentprojection) { if(size == 0) size=DefaultHead3.size(p); bool relative=position.relative; real position=position.position.x; if(relative) position=reltime(g,position); path3 r=subpath(g,position,0); path3 s=subpath(r,arctime(r,size),0); int n=length(s); bool straight1=n == 1 && straight(g,0); real aspect=Tan(angle); real width=size*aspect; surface head; if(straight1) { triple v=point(s,0); triple u=point(s,1)-v; return shift(v)*align(unit(u))*scale(width,width,size)*unitsolidcone; } else { real remainL=size; bool first=true; for(int i=0; i < n; ++i) { path3 q=subpath(s,i,i+1); if(remainL > 0) { real l=arclength(q); real w=remainL*aspect; surface segment=scale(w,w,l)*unitcylinder; if(first) { // add base first=false; segment.append(scale(w,w,1)*unitdisk); } for(patch p : segment.s) { for(int i=0; i < 4; ++i) { for(int j=0; j < 4; ++j) { real k=1-p.P[i][j].z/remainL; p.P[i][j]=bend((k*p.P[i][j].x,k*p.P[i][j].y,p.P[i][j].z),q,l); } } } head.append(segment); remainL -= l; } } } return head; }; arrowhead3 HookHead3(real dir=arrowdir, real barb=arrowbarb) { arrowhead3 a; a.head=new surface(path3 g, position position=EndPoint, pen p=currentpen, real size=0, real angle=arrowangle, filltype filltype=null, bool forwards=true, projection P=currentprojection) { if(size == 0) size=a.size(p); bool relative=position.relative; real position=position.position.x; if(relative) position=reltime(g,position); path3 r=subpath(g,position,0); path3 s=subpath(r,arctime(r,size),0); bool straight1=length(s) == 1 && straight(g,0); path3 H=path3(HookHead(dir,barb).head((0,0)--(0,size),p,size,angle), YZplane); surface head=surface(O,reverse(approach(subpath(H,1,0),7,1.5))& approach(subpath(H,1,2),4,2),Z); if(straight1) { triple v=point(s,0); triple u=point(s,1)-v; return shift(v)*align(unit(u))*head; } else { bend(head,s,size); return head; } }; a.arrowhead2=HookHead; a.gap=0.7; return a; } arrowhead3 HookHead3=HookHead3(); arrowhead3 TeXHead3; TeXHead3.size=TeXHead.size; TeXHead3.arcsize=TeXHead.size; TeXHead3.arrowhead2=TeXHead; TeXHead3.head=new surface(path3 g, position position=EndPoint, pen p=currentpen, real size=0, real angle=arrowangle, filltype filltype=null, bool forwards=true, projection P=currentprojection) { real texsize=TeXHead3.size(p); if(size == 0) size=texsize; bool relative=position.relative; real position=position.position.x; if(relative) position=reltime(g,position); path3 r=subpath(g,position,0); path3 s=subpath(r,arctime(r,size),0); bool straight1=length(s) == 1 && straight(g,0); surface head=surface(O,approach(subpath(path3(TeXHead.head((0,0)--(0,1),p, size), YZplane),5,0),8,1.5),Z); if(straight1) { triple v=point(s,0); triple u=point(s,1)-v; return shift(v)*align(unit(u))*head; } else { path3 s=subpath(r,arctime(r,size/texsize*arrowsize(p)),0); bend(head,s,size); return head; } }; path3 arrowbase(path3 r, triple y, real t, real size) { triple perp=2*size*perp(dir(r,t)); return size == 0 ? y : y+perp--y-perp; } arrowhead3 DefaultHead2(triple normal=O) { arrowhead3 a; a.head=new surface(path3 g, position position=EndPoint, pen p=currentpen, real size=0, real angle=arrowangle, filltype filltype=null, bool forwards=true, projection P=currentprojection) { if(size == 0) size=a.size(p); path h=a.project(g,forwards,P); a.size=min(size,arclength(h)); path[] H=a.align(DefaultHead.head(h,p,size,angle),h); H=forwards ? yscale(-1)*H : H; return a.surface(g,position,size,H,p,filltype,normal,P); }; a.gap=1.005; return a; } arrowhead3 DefaultHead2=DefaultHead2(); arrowhead3 HookHead2(real dir=arrowdir, real barb=arrowbarb, triple normal=O) { arrowhead3 a; a.head=new surface(path3 g, position position=EndPoint, pen p=currentpen, real size=0, real angle=arrowangle, filltype filltype=null, bool forwards=true, projection P=currentprojection) { if(size == 0) size=a.size(p); path h=a.project(g,forwards,P); a.size=min(size,arclength(h)); path[] H=a.align(HookHead.head(h,p,size,angle),h); H=forwards ? yscale(-1)*H : H; return a.surface(g,position,size,H,p,filltype,normal,P); }; a.arrowhead2=HookHead; a.gap=1.005; a.splitpath=true; return a; } arrowhead3 HookHead2=HookHead2(); arrowhead3 TeXHead2(triple normal=O) { arrowhead3 a; a.head=new surface(path3 g, position position=EndPoint, pen p=currentpen, real size=0, real angle=arrowangle, filltype filltype=null, bool forwards=true, projection P=currentprojection) { if(size == 0) size=a.size(p); path h=a.project(g,forwards,P); a.size=min(size,arclength(h)); h=rotate(-degrees(dir(h,length(h)),warn=false))*h; path[] H=TeXHead.head(h,p,size,angle); H=forwards ? yscale(-1)*H : H; return a.surface(g,position,size,H,p, filltype == null ? TeXHead.defaultfilltype(p) : filltype, normal,P); }; a.arrowhead2=TeXHead; a.size=TeXHead.size; a.gap=1.005; return a; } arrowhead3 TeXHead2=TeXHead2(); private real position(position position, real size, path3 g, bool center) { bool relative=position.relative; real position=position.position.x; if(relative) { position *= arclength(g); if(center) position += 0.5*size; position=arctime(g,position); } else if(center) position=arctime(g,arclength(subpath(g,0,position))+0.5*size); return position; } void drawarrow(picture pic, arrowhead3 arrowhead=DefaultHead3, path3 g, material p=currentpen, material arrowheadpen=nullpen, real size=0, real angle=arrowangle, position position=EndPoint, filltype filltype=null, bool forwards=true, margin3 margin=NoMargin3, bool center=false, light light=nolight, light arrowheadlight=currentlight, projection P=currentprojection) { pen q=(pen) p; if(filltype != null) { if(arrowheadpen == nullpen && filltype != null) arrowheadpen=filltype.fillpen; if(arrowheadpen == nullpen && filltype != null) arrowheadpen=filltype.drawpen; } if(arrowheadpen == nullpen) arrowheadpen=p; if(size == 0) size=arrowhead.size(q); size=min(arrowsizelimit*arclength(g),size); real position=position(position,size,g,center); g=margin(g,q).g; int L=length(g); if(!forwards) { g=reverse(g); position=L-position; } path3 r=subpath(g,position,0); size=min(arrowsizelimit*arclength(r),size); surface head=arrowhead.head(g,position,q,size,angle,filltype,forwards,P); if(arrowhead.size > 0) size=arrowhead.size; bool endpoint=position > L-sqrtEpsilon; if(arrowhead.splitpath || endpoint) { if(position > 0) { real Size=size*arrowhead.gap; draw(pic,subpath(r,arctime(r,Size),length(r)),p,light); } if(!endpoint) draw(pic,subpath(g,position,L),p,light); } else draw(pic,g,p,light); draw(pic,head,arrowheadpen,arrowheadlight); } void drawarrow2(picture pic, arrowhead3 arrowhead=DefaultHead3, path3 g, material p=currentpen, material arrowheadpen=nullpen, real size=0, real angle=arrowangle, filltype filltype=null, margin3 margin=NoMargin3, light light=nolight, light arrowheadlight=currentlight, projection P=currentprojection) { pen q=(pen) p; if(filltype != null) { if(arrowheadpen == nullpen && filltype != null) arrowheadpen=filltype.fillpen; if(arrowheadpen == nullpen && filltype != null) arrowheadpen=filltype.drawpen; } if(arrowheadpen == nullpen) arrowheadpen=p; if(size == 0) size=arrowhead.size(q); g=margin(g,q).g; size=min(arrow2sizelimit*arclength(g),size); path3 r=reverse(g); int L=length(g); real Size=size*arrowhead.gap; draw(pic,subpath(r,arctime(r,Size),L-arctime(g,Size)),p,light); draw(pic,arrowhead.head(g,L,q,size,angle,filltype,forwards=true,P), arrowheadpen,arrowheadlight); draw(pic,arrowhead.head(r,L,q,size,angle,filltype,forwards=false,P), arrowheadpen,arrowheadlight); } // Add to picture an estimate of the bounding box contribution of arrowhead // using the local slope at endpoint. void addArrow(picture pic, arrowhead3 arrowhead, path3 g, pen p, real size, real angle, filltype filltype, real position) { triple v=point(g,position); path3 g=v-(size+linewidth(p))*dir(g,position)--v; surface s=arrowhead.head(g,position,p,size,angle); if(s.s.length > 0) { pic.addPoint(v,min(s)-v); pic.addPoint(v,max(s)-v); } else pic.addPoint(v); } picture arrow(arrowhead3 arrowhead=DefaultHead3, path3 g, material p=currentpen, material arrowheadpen=p, real size=0, real angle=arrowangle, filltype filltype=null, position position=EndPoint, bool forwards=true, margin3 margin=NoMargin3, bool center=false, light light=nolight, light arrowheadlight=currentlight) { pen q=(pen) p; if(size == 0) size=arrowhead.size(q); picture pic; if(is3D()) pic.add(new void(frame f, transform3 t, picture pic2, projection P) { picture opic; drawarrow(opic,arrowhead,t*g,p,arrowheadpen,size,angle,position, filltype,forwards,margin,center,light,arrowheadlight,P); add(f,opic.fit3(identity4,pic2,P)); }); addPath(pic,g,q); real position=position(position,size,g,center); path3 G; if(!forwards) { G=reverse(g); position=length(g)-position; } else G=g; addArrow(pic,arrowhead,G,q,size,angle,filltype,position); return pic; } picture arrow2(arrowhead3 arrowhead=DefaultHead3, path3 g, material p=currentpen, material arrowheadpen=p, real size=0, real angle=arrowangle, filltype filltype=null, margin3 margin=NoMargin3, light light=nolight, light arrowheadlight=currentlight) { pen q=(pen) p; if(size == 0) size=arrowhead.size(q); picture pic; if(is3D()) pic.add(new void(frame f, transform3 t, picture pic2, projection P) { picture opic; drawarrow2(opic,arrowhead,t*g,p,arrowheadpen,size,angle,filltype, margin,light,arrowheadlight,P); add(f,opic.fit3(identity4,pic2,P)); }); addPath(pic,g,q); int L=length(g); addArrow(pic,arrowhead,g,q,size,angle,filltype,L); addArrow(pic,arrowhead,reverse(g),q,size,angle,filltype,L); return pic; } void add(picture pic, arrowhead3 arrowhead, real size, real angle, filltype filltype, position position, material arrowheadpen, path3 g, material p, bool forwards=true, margin3 margin, bool center=false, light light, light arrowheadlight) { add(pic,arrow(arrowhead,g,p,arrowheadpen,size,angle,filltype,position, forwards,margin,center,light,arrowheadlight)); if(!is3D()) { pic.add(new void(frame f, transform3 t, picture pic, projection P) { if(pic != null) { pen q=(pen) p; path3 G=t*g; marginT3 m=margin(G,q); add(pic,arrow(arrowhead.arrowhead2,project(G,P),q,size,angle, filltype == null ? arrowhead.arrowhead2.defaultfilltype ((pen) arrowheadpen) : filltype,position, forwards,TrueMargin(m.begin,m.end),center)); } },true); } } void add2(picture pic, arrowhead3 arrowhead, real size, real angle, filltype filltype, material arrowheadpen, path3 g, material p, margin3 margin, light light, light arrowheadlight) { add(pic,arrow2(arrowhead,g,p,arrowheadpen,size,angle,filltype,margin,light, arrowheadlight)); if(!is3D()) { pic.add(new void(frame f, transform3 t, picture pic, projection P) { if(pic != null) { pen q=(pen) p; path3 G=t*g; marginT3 m=margin(G,q); add(pic,arrow2(arrowhead.arrowhead2,project(G,P),q,size,angle, filltype == null ? arrowhead.arrowhead2.defaultfilltype ((pen) arrowheadpen) : filltype, TrueMargin(m.begin,m.end))); } },true); } } void bar(picture pic, triple a, triple d, triple perp=O, material p=currentpen, light light=nolight) { d *= 0.5; perp *= 0.5; pic.add(new void(frame f, transform3 t, picture pic2, projection P) { picture opic; triple A=t*a; triple v=d == O ? abs(perp)*unit(cross(P.normal,perp)) : d; draw(opic,A-v--A+v,p,light); add(f,opic.fit3(identity4,pic2,P)); }); triple v=d == O ? cross(currentprojection.normal,perp) : d; pen q=(pen) p; triple m=min3(q); triple M=max3(q); pic.addPoint(a,-v-m); pic.addPoint(a,-v+m); pic.addPoint(a,v-M); pic.addPoint(a,v+M); } picture bar(triple a, triple dir, triple perp=O, material p=currentpen) { picture pic; bar(pic,a,dir,perp,p); return pic; } typedef bool arrowbar3(picture, path3, material, margin3, light, light); bool Blank(picture, path3, material, margin3, light, light) { return false; } bool None(picture, path3, material, margin3, light, light) { return true; } arrowbar3 BeginArrow3(arrowhead3 arrowhead=DefaultHead3, real size=0, real angle=arrowangle, filltype filltype=null, position position=BeginPoint, material arrowheadpen=nullpen) { return new bool(picture pic, path3 g, material p, margin3 margin, light light, light arrowheadlight) { add(pic,arrowhead,size,angle,filltype,position,arrowheadpen,g,p, forwards=false,margin,light,arrowheadlight); return false; }; } arrowbar3 Arrow3(arrowhead3 arrowhead=DefaultHead3, real size=0, real angle=arrowangle, filltype filltype=null, position position=EndPoint, material arrowheadpen=nullpen) { return new bool(picture pic, path3 g, material p, margin3 margin, light light, light arrowheadlight) { add(pic,arrowhead,size,angle,filltype,position,arrowheadpen,g,p,margin, light,arrowheadlight); return false; }; } arrowbar3 EndArrow3(arrowhead3 arrowhead=DefaultHead3, real size=0, real angle=arrowangle, filltype filltype=null, position position=EndPoint, material arrowheadpen=nullpen)=Arrow3; arrowbar3 MidArrow3(arrowhead3 arrowhead=DefaultHead3, real size=0, real angle=arrowangle, filltype filltype=null, material arrowheadpen=nullpen) { return new bool(picture pic, path3 g, material p, margin3 margin, light light, light arrowheadlight) { add(pic,arrowhead,size,angle,filltype,MidPoint, arrowheadpen,g,p,margin,center=true,light,arrowheadlight); return false; }; } arrowbar3 Arrows3(arrowhead3 arrowhead=DefaultHead3, real size=0, real angle=arrowangle, filltype filltype=null, material arrowheadpen=nullpen) { return new bool(picture pic, path3 g, material p, margin3 margin, light light, light arrowheadlight) { add2(pic,arrowhead,size,angle,filltype,arrowheadpen,g,p,margin,light, arrowheadlight); return false; }; } arrowbar3 BeginArcArrow3(arrowhead3 arrowhead=DefaultHead3, real size=0, real angle=arcarrowangle, filltype filltype=null, position position=BeginPoint, material arrowheadpen=nullpen) { return new bool(picture pic, path3 g, material p, margin3 margin, light light, light arrowheadlight) { real size=size == 0 ? arrowhead.arcsize((pen) p) : size; add(pic,arrowhead,size,angle,filltype,position,arrowheadpen,g,p, forwards=false,margin,light,arrowheadlight); return false; }; } arrowbar3 ArcArrow3(arrowhead3 arrowhead=DefaultHead3, real size=0, real angle=arcarrowangle, filltype filltype=null, position position=EndPoint, material arrowheadpen=nullpen) { return new bool(picture pic, path3 g, material p, margin3 margin, light light, light arrowheadlight) { real size=size == 0 ? arrowhead.arcsize((pen) p) : size; add(pic,arrowhead,size,angle,filltype,position,arrowheadpen,g,p,margin, light,arrowheadlight); return false; }; } arrowbar3 EndArcArrow3(arrowhead3 arrowhead=DefaultHead3, real size=0, real angle=arcarrowangle, filltype filltype=null, position position=EndPoint, material arrowheadpen=nullpen)=ArcArrow3; arrowbar3 MidArcArrow3(arrowhead3 arrowhead=DefaultHead3, real size=0, real angle=arcarrowangle, filltype filltype=null, material arrowheadpen=nullpen) { return new bool(picture pic, path3 g, material p, margin3 margin, light light, light arrowheadlight) { real size=size == 0 ? arrowhead.arcsize((pen) p) : size; add(pic,arrowhead,size,angle,filltype,MidPoint,arrowheadpen,g,p,margin, center=true,light,arrowheadlight); return false; }; } arrowbar3 ArcArrows3(arrowhead3 arrowhead=DefaultHead3, real size=0, real angle=arcarrowangle, filltype filltype=null, material arrowheadpen=nullpen) { return new bool(picture pic, path3 g, material p, margin3 margin, light light, light arrowheadlight) { real size=size == 0 ? arrowhead.arcsize((pen) p) : size; add2(pic,arrowhead,size,angle,filltype,arrowheadpen,g,p,margin,light, arrowheadlight); return false; }; } arrowbar3 BeginBar3(real size=0, triple dir=O) { return new bool(picture pic, path3 g, material p, margin3 margin, light light, light) { real size=size == 0 ? barsize((pen) p) : size; bar(pic,point(g,0),size*unit(dir),size*dir(g,0),p,light); return true; }; } arrowbar3 Bar3(real size=0, triple dir=O) { return new bool(picture pic, path3 g, material p, margin3 margin, light light, light) { int L=length(g); real size=size == 0 ? barsize((pen) p) : size; bar(pic,point(g,L),size*unit(dir),size*dir(g,L),p,light); return true; }; } arrowbar3 EndBar3(real size=0, triple dir=O)=Bar3; arrowbar3 Bars3(real size=0, triple dir=O) { return new bool(picture pic, path3 g, material p, margin3 margin, light light, light) { real size=size == 0 ? barsize((pen) p) : size; BeginBar3(size,dir)(pic,g,p,margin,light,nolight); EndBar3(size,dir)(pic,g,p,margin,light,nolight); return true; }; } arrowbar3 BeginArrow3=BeginArrow3(), MidArrow3=MidArrow3(), Arrow3=Arrow3(), EndArrow3=Arrow3(), Arrows3=Arrows3(), BeginArcArrow3=BeginArcArrow3(), MidArcArrow3=MidArcArrow3(), ArcArrow3=ArcArrow3(), EndArcArrow3=ArcArrow3(), ArcArrows3=ArcArrows3(), BeginBar3=BeginBar3(), Bar3=Bar3(), EndBar3=Bar3(), Bars3=Bars3();