.require "HELPSETUP.RNI" .flags subst .flags all.no flags lower.no flags accept.no flags substitute.no flags underline1 LaTeX.9LaTeX is a computer program for generating many kinds of Kprinted documents. You type in your text and some commands to say how you +want it formatted, and LaTeX does the rest..sFormat: LATEX [/qualifiers] input-file 2 Commands.sOA LaTeX command begins with the command name, which consists of a \ followed byPeither (a) a string of letters or (b) a single non-letter. Arguments contained Min square brackets [] are optional while arguments contained in braces {} are required..sHNOTE: LaTeX is case sensitive. Enter all commands in lower case unless $explicitly directed to do otherwise. 3 Counters.sMEverything LaTeX numbers for you has a counter associated with it. The name Jof the counter is the same as the name of the environment or command that Lproduces the number, except with no \. Below is a list of the counters used6LaTeX's standard document styles to control numbering..s.lt5part part figure enumi6chapter subparagraph table enumii7section page footnote enumiii6subsection equation mpfootnote enumiv subsubsection.el4 \addtocounter.s\addtocounter {counter} {value}.sKThe \addtocounter command increments the counter by the amount specified by8the value argument. The value argument can be negative.4 \alph.s\alph {counter}.sHThis command causes the value of the counter to be printed in alphabeticMcharacters. The \alph command causes lower case alphabetic characters, e.g. Pa, b, c... while the \Alph command causes upper case alphabetic characters, e.g. A, B, C... 4 \arabic.s\arabic {counter}.sLThe \arabic command causes the value of the counter to be printed in arabic numbers, e.g. 3. 4 \fnsymbol.s\fnsymbol {counter}.sIThe \fnsymbol command causes the value of the counter to be printed in a Kspecific sequence of nine symbols that can be used for numbering footnotes. 4 \newcounter.s\newcounter {foo} [counter].sGThe \newcounter command defines a new counter named foo. The optional Cargument [counter] causes the counter foo to be reset whenever the 6counter named in the optional argument is incremented.4 \roman.s\roman {counter}.sMThis command causes the value of the counter to be printed in roman numerals.NThe \roman command causes lower case roman numerals, e.g. i, ii, iii..., whileGthe \Roman command causes upper case roman numerals, e.g. I, II, III... 4 \setcounter.s\setcounter {counter} {value}.sNThe \setcounter command sets the value of the counter to that specified by thevalue argument. 4 \usecounter.s\usecounter {counter}.sNThe \usecounter command is used in the second argument of the list environmentCto allow the counter specified to be used to number the list items. 4 \value.s\value {counter}.sKThe \value command produces the value of the counter named in the mandatoryKargument. It can be used where LaTeX expects an integer or number, such asDthe second argument of a \setcounter or \addtocounter command, or in.lt\hspace{\value{foo}\parindent}.el0It is useful for doing arithmetic with counters.3 Cross_References.sJOne reason for numbering things like figures and equations is to refer the7reader to them, as in "See Figure 3 for more details." 4 \label.s \label{key}.sPA \label command appearing in ordinary text assigns to the key the number of thePcurrent sectional unit; one appearing inside a numbered environment assings thatnumber to the key..sPA key con consist of any sequence of letters, digits, or punctuation characters.+Upper- and lowercase letters are different. 4 \pageref.s \pageref{key}.sLThe \pageref command produces the page number of the place in the text where)the corresponding \label command appears.4 \ref.s \ref{key}.sPThe \ref command produces the number of the sectional unit, equation number, ...$of the corresponding \label command. 3 Definitions.s 4 \newcommand.s\newcommand{cmd}[args]{def}.br\renewcommand{cmd}[args]{def}.s.These commands define (or redefine) a command..ls"-"J.le;cmd: A command name beginning with a \. For \newcommand it must not beOalready defined and must not begin with \end; for \renewcommand it must already be defined.P.le;args: An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the commandCbeing defined. The default is for the command to have no arguments.O.le;def: The text to be substituted for every occurrence of cmd; a parameter ofHthe form #n in cmd is replaced by the text of the nth argument when thissubstitution takes place..els4 \newenvironment.s*\newenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef},\renewenvironment{nam}[args]{begdef}{enddef}.s1These commands define or redefine an environment..ls"-"J.le;nam: The name of the environment. For \newenvironment there must be noHcurrently defined environment by that name, and the command \nam must beIundefined. For \renewenvironment the environment must already be defined.H.le;args: An integer from 1 to 9 denoting the number of arguments of the7newly-defined environment. The default is no arguments.H.le;begdef: The text substituted for every occurrence of \begin{name}; aPparameter of the form #n in cmd is replaced by the text of the nth argument whenthis substitution takes place.J.le;enddef: The text substituted for every occurrence of \end{nam}. It may#notcontain any argument parameters..els 4 \newtheorem.s&\newtheorem{env_name}{caption}[within]-\newtheorem{env_name}[numbered_like]{caption}.s1This command defines a theorem-like environment. .ls"-"M.le;env_name: The name of the environment -- a string of letters. Must not be/the name of an existing environment or counter.O.le;caption: The text printed at the beginning of the environment, right before the number.P.le;within: The name of an already defined counter, usually of a sectional unit.PProvides a means of resetting the new theorem counter within the sectional unit.K.le;numbered_like: The name of an already defined theorem-like environment..els.s?The \newtheorem command may have at most one optional argument. 4 \newfont.s\newfont{cmd}{font_name}.sJDefines the command name cmd, which must not be currently defined, to be aJdeclaration that selects the font named font_name to be the current font. 3 Document_Styles.s$Valid LaTeX document styles include:.ls"o" .le;article .le;report.le;ioc .le;letter .le;milstd .le;bookform.els.s-They are selected with the following command:.s \documentstyle [options] {style}.s)The options for the different styles are:.lsE.le;article: 11pt, 12pt, twoside, twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno, acmD.le;report: 11pt, 12pt, twoside, twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno, acm).le;letter: 11pt, 12pt, fleqn, leqno, acm;.le;ioc: 11pt, 12pt, twoside,twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno>.le;milstd: 11pt, 12pt, twoside,twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno@.le;bookform: 11pt, 12pt, twoside,twocolumn, draft, fleqn, leqno.els.sGIf you specify more than one option, they must be separated by a comma.4 \flushbottom.sOThe \flushbottom declaration makes all text pages the same height, adding extra3veritcal space when necessary to fill out the page. 4 \onecolumn.sOThe \onecolumn declaration starts a new page and produces single-column output.4 \raggedbottom.sLThe \raggedbottom declaration makes all pages the height of the text on that(page. No extra vertical space is added. 4 \twocolumn.sLThe \twocolumn declaration starts a new page and produces two-column output. 3 Environments.ILaTeX provides a number of different paragraph-making environments. Each/environment begins and ends in the same manner..lt \begin{environment-name} . . . \end{environment-name}.el4 array.s.lt\begin{array}{col1col2...coln}7column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\... \end{array}.el.sOMath arrays are produced with the array environment. It has a single mandatoryNargument describing the number of columns and the alignment within them. EachOcolumn, coln, is specified by a single letter that tells how items in that row should be formatted..ls"-".le;c for centered.le;l for flushleft.le;r for flushright.els.sKColumn entries must be separated by an &. Column entries may include otherDLaTeX commands. Each row of the array must be terminated with a \\.4 center.s.lt\begin{center}Text on line 1 \\Text on line 2 \\... \end{center}.el.sKThe center environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of linesNthat are centered within the left and right margins on the current page. Each"line must be terminated with a \\. 5 \centering.sOThis declaration corresponds to the center environment. This declaration can bePused inside an environment such as quote or in a parbox. The text of a figure orHtable can be centered on the page by putting a \centering command at the-beginning of the figure or table environment..sJUnlike the center environment, the \centering command does not start a newKparagraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To affect aLparagraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must contain the blankKline or \end command (of an environment like quote) that ends the paragraphunit.  4 description.s.lt\begin{description}\item [label] First item\item [label] Second item...\end{description}.el.sIThe description environment is used to make labeled lists. The label is bold face and flushed right.4 documentlist.s.lt\begin{documentlist}9\item[Title \\ subtitle \\ subtitle] Document description9\item[Title \\ subtitle \\ subtitle] Document description...\end{documentlist}.el.sMThe documentlist environment is used to produce a list of documents where the Ptitle of the document is formatted as one stack and the description is formattedPas another stack. These stacks are then placed side by side with the tops of thestacks alined. For example, .ltoMIL-STD-490 The Preparation of i Notice 2 Military Specifications.el 4 enumerateL.s.lta\begin{enumerate}\item First item\item Second iteme.s.t.h\end{enumerate}h.elo.sHThe enumerate environment produces a numbered list. Enumerations can beKnested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be nested +within other paragraph-making environments.\.sOEach item of an enumerated list begins with an \item command. There must be at /least one \item command within the environment.e 4 eqnarray.s.lt.\begin{eqnarray}math formula 1 \\emath formula 2 \\t.t.f.e\end{eqnarray}.ele.sFThe eqnarray environment is used to display a sequence of equations orIinequalities. It is very much like a three-column array environment, withbPconsecutive rows separated by \\ and consecutive items within a row separated byGan &. An equation number is placed on every line unless that line has a]\nonumber command. [ 4 equation.s.ltn\begin{equation} math formulae\end{equation}.el..sIThe equation environment centers your equation on the page and places theu$equation number in the right margin.4 figure.s.lt\begin{figure}[placement]n body of the figure \caption{figure title} \end{figure}.el.sJFigures are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are usually J"floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. Figures will notbe split between two pages.e.sOThe optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to place yourmDfigure. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a float:.ls"-"O.le;h: Here - at the position in the text where the figure environment appears.,'.le;t: Top - at the top of a text page.n-.le;b: Bottom - at the bottom of a text page. O.le;p: Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page containing notext, only floats..els.sEThe standard report and article styles use the default specifier tbp.o.s.sMThe body of the figure is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc. you <wish. The \caption command allows you to title your figure. 4 flushleft,.s.ltc\begin{flushleft}tText on line 1 \\oText on line 2 \\n.e.,.m\end{flushleft}t.elt.sNThe flushleft environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of linesLthat are flushed left to the left-hand margin. Each line must be terminated with a \\.5 \raggedright.sOThis declaration corresponds to the flushleft environment. This declaration cana<be used inside an environment such as quote or in a parbox. .s iOUnlike the flushleft environment, the \raggedright command does not start a newsKparagraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To affect aaLparagraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must contain the blankKline or \end command (of an environment like quote) that ends the paragraphaunit. 4 flushright c.s a.lt \begin{flushright}Text on line 1 \\cText on line 2 \\e.a.a.p\end{flushright}.elu.sOThe flushright environment allows you to create a paragraph consisting of linesiNthat are flushed right to the right-hand margin. Each line must be terminated with a \\. 5 \raggedleft..sPThis declaration corresponds to the flushright environment. This declaration can<be used inside an environment such as quote or in a parbox. .s OUnlike the flushright environment, the \raggedleft command does not start a newnKparagraph; it simply changes how LaTeX formats paragraph units. To affect a Lparagraph unit's format, the scope of the declaration must contain the blankKline or \end command (of an environment like quote) that ends the paragraph unit. 4 itemizel.s.lt\begin{itemize}g\item First item\item Second items.r.d. \end{itemize}n.el .sFThe itemize environment produces a bulleted list. Itemizations can beKnested within one another, up to four levels deep. They can also be nestedo+within other paragraph-making environments..sMEach item of an itemized list begins with an \item command. There must be ath/least one \item command within the environment. 4 list.s.lt.\begin{list}{label}{spacing}\item First item\item Second items.c.a.n \end{list}.elh.sJThe {label} argument specifies how items should be labeled. This argumentNis a piece of text that is inserted in a box to form the label. This argument2can and usually does contain other LaTeX commands..sMThe {spacing} argument contains commands to change the spacing parameters fortLthe list. This argument will most often be null, i.e. {}. This will select8all default spacing which should suffice for most cases. 4 minipage.s.ltl#\begin{minipage} [position] {width}o textc\end{minipage}.elm.sLThe minipage environment is similar to a \parbox command. It takes the sameKoptional position argument and mandatory width argument. You may use other0paragraph-making environments inside a minipage..sMFootnotes in a minipage environment are handled in a way that is particularlyeCuseful for putting footnotes in figures or tables. A \footnote or lN\footnotetext command puts the footnote at the bottom of the minipage instead Lof at the bottom of the page, and it uses the mpfootnote counter instead of the ordinary footnote counter..sLNOTE: Don't put one minipage inside another if you are using footnotes; they0may wind up at the bottom of the wrong minipage. 4 pictures.s.lta0\begin{picture}(width,height)(x offset,y offset).c picture commandsp. \end{picture}T.el .s@The picture environment allows you to create just about any kind?of picture you want containing text, lines, arrows and circles.e?You tell LaTeX where to put things in the picture by specifying 1their coordinates. A coordinate is a number thatg<may have a decimal point and a minus sign - a number like 5,32.3 or -3.1416. A coordinate specifies a length in,multiples of the unit length \unitlength, so7if \unitlength has been set to 1cm, then the coordinated,2.54 specifies a length of 2.54 centimeters.0You can change the value of \unitlength anywhere'you want, using the \setlength command,r)but strange things will happen if you try +changing it inside the picture environment. .sJA positionis a pair of coordinates, such as (2.4,-5), which specifies the Npoint with x-coordinate 2.4 and y-coordinate -5. Coordinates are specified in1the usual way with respect to an origin, which is 1normally at the lower-left corner of the picture.t;Note that when a position appears as an argument, it is notoBenclosed in braces; the parentheses serve to delimit the argument..s9The picture environment has one mandatory argument, whichr;is a position. It specifies the size of the picture. The u<environment produces a rectangular box with width and height3determined by this argument's x- and y-coordinates.t.s?The picture environment also has an optional position argument,dAfollowing the size argument, that can change the origin. (UnliketEordinary optional arguments, this argument is not contained in square.Dbrackets.) The optional argument gives the coordinates of the point@at the lower-left corner of the picture (thereby determining theForigin). For example, if \unitlength has been set to 1mm, the command.lta\begin{picture}(100,200)(10,20) .el :produces a picture of width 100 millimeters and height 200=millimeters, whose lower-left corner is the point (10,20) ando:whose upper-right corner is therefore the point (110,220).CWhen you first draw a picture, you will omit the optional argument, Aleaving the origin at the lower-left corner. If you then want toe<modify your picture by shifting everything, you just add theappropriate optional argument..sGThe environment's mandatory argument determines the nominal size of theaDpicture. This need bear no relation to how large the picture reallyCis; LaTeX will happily allow you to put things outside the picture,sCor even off the page. The picture's nominal size is used by TeX ine*determining how much room to leave for it..sOEverything that appears in a picture is drawn by the \put command. The commande.ltm\put (11.3,-.3){ ... }.elt2puts the object specified by "..." in the picture,3with its reference point at coordinates (11.3,-.3).lAThe reference points for various objects will be described below. .sPThe \put command creates an LR box. You can put anything in the text argument ofIthe \put command that you'd put into the argument of an \mbox and relateddPcommands. When you do this, the reference point will be the lower left corner of the box. i 5 \circle .s\circle[*]{diameter}.sOThe \circle command produces a circle of the specified diameter. If the *-formr3of the command is used, LaTeX draws a solid circle.t 5 \dashbox.s*\dashbox{dash length}(width,height){ ... }.sJThe \dashbox has an extra argument which specifies the width of each dash.KA dashed box looks best when the width and height are multiples of the dashhlength.s5 \frame.s \frame{ ... }e.sNThe \frame command puts a rectangular frame around the object specified in theNargument. The reference point is the bottom left corner of the frame. No extra.space is put between the frame and the object. h 5 \frameboxn.s(\framebox(width,height)[position]{ ... }.s;The \framebox command is analogous to the \makebox command. 5 \linei.s\line(x slope,y slope){length}.sAThe \line command draws a line of the specified length and slope.n5 \linethickness.s\linethickness{dimension}d.sPDeclares the thickness of horizontal and vertical lines in a picture environmentHto be dimension, which must be a positive length. It does not affect thePthickness of slanted lines and circles, or the quarter circles drawn by \oval toform the corners of an oval. t 5 \makebox.s'\makebox(width,height)[position]{ ... }..sIThe \makebox command for the picture environment is similar to the normal P\makebox command except that you must specify a width and height in multiples of \unitlength..sPThe optional argument, [position], specifies the quadrant that your text appears/in. You may select up to two of the following:e.ls"-"1.le;t: Moves the item to the top of the rectangle #.le;b: Moves the item to the bottomn!.le;l: Moves the item to the leftt".le;r: Moves the item to the right.els 5 \multiputf.sE\multiput(x coord,y coord)(delta x,delta y){number of copies}{object}n.sKThe \multiput command can be used when you are putting the same object in aT!regular pattern across a picture.o n5 \ovalt.s\oval(width,height)[portion].sIThe \oval command produces a rectangle with rounded corners. The optionale;argument, [portion], allows you to select part of the oval.i.ls"-".le;t: Selects the top portion!.le;b: Selects the bottom portionn .le;r: Selects the right portion.le;l: Selects the left portionu.els5 \put.s\put(x coord,y coord){ ... }.sKThe \put command places the item specified by the mandatory argument at the(given coordinates. c 5 \shortstackd.s(\shortstack[position]{... \\ ... \\ ...}.sNThe \shortstack command produces a stack of objects. The valid positions are:.ls"-"2.le;r: Moves the objects to the right of the stack1.le;l: Moves the objects to the left of the stackr=.le;c: Moves the objects to the center of the stack (default)i.els 5 \vector .s \vector(x slope,y slope){length}.sJThe \vector command draws a line with an arrow of the specified length andAslope. The x and y values must lie between -4 and +4, inclusive.e 4 quotation .s.lte\begin{quotation}  textt\end{quotation}l.el .sIThe margins of the quotation environment are indented on the left and thepEright. The text is justified at both margins and there is paragraph iIindentation. Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph. 4 quoted.s.lt \begin{quote}e texto \end{quote} .elf.sEThe margins of the quote environment are indented on the left and the Lright. The text is justified at both margins. Leaving a blank line between text produces a new paragraph. 4 tabbinga.s.lt \begin{tabbing}t4text \= more text \= still more text \= last text \\second row \> \> more \\a.s.o. \end{tabbing}e.el .sMThe tabbing environment provides a way to align text in columns. It works bytJsetting tab stops and tabbing to them much the way you do with an ordinary typewriter.h5 \=.s"The \= command sets the tab stops.5 \>.s= The \> command causes LaTeX to advance to the next tab stop.r5 \<.sJThe \< command allows you to put something to the left of the local marginwithout changing the margin.5 \+.sOThe \+ command moves the left margin of the next and all the following commandsione tab stop to the right.5 \-.sOThe \- command moves the left margin of the next and all the following commandsione tab stop to the left.g5 \'.sOThe \' command moves everything that you have typed so far n the current columnnL, everything starting from the most recent \>, \<, \', \\, or \kill command,Lto the right of the previous column, flush against the current column's tab stop.e5 \`.sJThe \` command allows you to put text flushed right against any tab stop, Kincluding tab stop 0. However, it can't move text to the right of the lastiLcolumn because there's no tab stop there. The \` command moves all the textMthat follows it, up to the \\ or \end{tabbing} command that ends the line, toHthe right margin of the tabbing environment. There must be no \> or \' :command between the \` and the command that ends the line.5 \killa.sOThe \kill command allows you to set tab stops without producing text. It worksHjust like the \\ except that it throws away the current line instead of Iproducing output for it. The effect of any \=, \+ or \- commands in thatjline remain in effect.4 table.s.ltc\begin{table}[placement] body of the table\caption{table title}h \end{table}d.el .sITables are objects that are not part of the normal text, and are usually sI"floated" to a convenient place, like the top of a page. Tables will notrbe split between two pages.}.sOThe optional argument [placement] determines where LaTeX will try to place yourrCtable. There are four places where LaTeX can possibly put a float:.ls"-"N.le;h: Here - at the position in the text where the table environment appears.'.le;t: Top - at the top of a text page. -.le;b: Bottom - at the bottom of a text page. O.le;p: Page of floats - on a separate float page, which is a page containing noatext, only floats..els.sEThe standard report and article styles use the default specifier tbp. .sLThe body of the table is made up of whatever text, LaTeX commands, etc. you ;wish. The \caption command allows you to title your table.[ 4 tabular..s.lth\begin{tabular}[pos]{cols}7column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\l.,.l.) \end{tabular}h or"\begin{tabular*}{width}[pos]{cols}7column 1 entry & column 2 entry ... & column n entry \\s.m.i.d\end{tabular*}.eli.sDThese environments produce a box consisting of a sequence of rows ofIitems,aligned vertically in columns. The mandatory and optional arguments consist of: .ls"o"P.le;width: Specifies the width of the tabular* environment. There must be rubberGspace between columns that can stretch to fill out the specified width.bN.le;pos: Specified the vertical postionion; default is alignment on the centerof the environment.s.ls"-".le;t - align on top row t.le;b - align on bottom rowh.elsK.le;cols: Specifies the column formatting. It consists of a sequence of the Nfollowing specifiers, corresponding to the sequence of columns and intercolumn material. .ls"-" l'.le;l - A column of left-aligned items.(.le;r - A column of right-aligned items.#.le;c - A column of centered items.E.le;| - A vertical line the full height and depth of the environment. L.le;@{text} - This inserts text in every row. An @-expression suppresses theNintercolumn space normally inserted between columns; any desired space betweenEthe inserted text and the adjacent items must be included in text. AntP\extracolsep{wd} command in an @-expression causes an extra space of width wd toLappear to the left of all subsequent columns, until countermanded by anotherP\extracolsep command. Unlike ordinary intercolumn space, this extra space is notMsuppressed by an @-expression. An \extracolsep command can be used only in ano#@-expression in the cols argument. P.le;p{wd} - Produces a column with each item typeset in a parbox of width wd, asJif it were the argument of a \parbox[t]{wd} command. However, a \\ may notEappear in the item, except in the following situations: (i) inside aneNenvironment like minipage, array, or tabular, (ii) inside an explicit \parbox,Por (iii) in the scope of a \centering, \raggedrigth, or \raggedleft declaration.PThe latter declarations must appear inside braces or an environment when used ina p-column element. N.le;*{num}{cols} - Equivalent to num copies of cols, where num is any positiveLinteger and cols is any list of column-specifiers, which may contain another*-expression. .els.els5 \cline.s \cline {i-j}.sMThe \cline command draws horizontal lines across the columns specified in thefmandatory argument.:5 \hline.sLThe \hline command will draw a horizontal line the width of the table. It'sJmost commonly used to draw a line at the top, bottom, and between the rows of the table. 5 \multicolumn.s \multicolumn {cols} {pos} {text}.sJThe \multicolumn is used to make an entry that spans several columns. TheMfirst mandatory argument, cols, specifies the number of columns to span. TheLsecond mandatory argument, pos, specifies the formatting of the entry; c forKcentered, l for flushleft, r for flushright. The third mandatory argument,a2text, specifies what text is to make up the entry.5 \vline.sPThe \vline command will draw a vertical line extending the full height and depthMof its row. An \hfill command can be used to move the line to the edge of thei/column. It can also be used in an @-expression.4 thebibliographyh.s.ltr%\begin{thebibliography}{widest-label}o\bibitem[label]{cite_key}i.i.y.a\end{thebibliography}p.ela.sMThe thebibliography environment produces a bibliography or reference list. IncMthe article style, this reference list is labeled "References"; in the report $style, it is labeled "Bibliography"..ls"o"J.le;widest-label: Text that, when printed, is approximately as wide as the4widest item label produces by the \bibitem commands..els 5 \bibitem.s\bibitem[label]{cite_key} .sOThe \bibitem command generates an entry labeled by label. If the label argumentdLis missing, a number is generated as the label, using the enumi counter. TheIcite_key is any sequence of letters, numbers, and punctuation symbols notaKcontaining a comma. This command writes an entry on the aux file containingd@cite_key and the item's label. When this aux file is read by theO\begin{document} command, the item's label is associated with cite_key, causingeMthe reference to cite_key by a \cite command to produce the associated label.m5 \citeo.s\cite[text]{key_list} .sKThe key_list argument is a list of citation keys. This command generates andJin-text citation to the references associated with the keys in key_list by=entries on the aux file read by the \begin{document} command.t 5 \nociteu.s\nocite{key_list}n.sMThe \nocite command produces no text, but writes key_list, which is a list of +one or more citation keys, on the aux file.T e 4 theoremh.s.ltn\begin{theorem}i theorem textn \end{theorem}t.el.sIThe theorem environment produces "Theorem x" in boldface followed by youra theorem text.} 4 titlepage .s.ltr\begin{titlepage}w texts\end{titlepage} .el .sKThe titlepage environment creates a title page, i.e. a page with no printedrNpage number or heading. It also causes the following page to be numbered pageLone. Formatting the title page is left to you. The \today command comes inhandy for title pages. 4 verbatim.s.lth\begin{verbatim} textl\end{verbatim}.eld.sMThe verbatim environment is a paragraph-making environment that gets LaTeX tohFprint exactly what you type in. It turns LaTeX into a typewriter withHcarriage returns and blanks having the same effect that they would on a typewriter.d5 \verb..s\verb char literal_text char\verb*char literal_text char.sPTypesets literal_text exactly as typed, including special characters and spaces,Kusing a typewriter (\tt) type style. There may be no space between \verb orfO\verb* and char (space is shown here only for clarity). The *-form differs onlyain that spaces are printed. 4 verse .s.lte \begin{verse}d texth \end{verse}o.ell.sGThe verse environment is designed for poetry, though you may find otherp uses for it. 3 Footnotes{.sLFootnotes can be produced in one of two ways. They can be produced with oneMcommand, the \footnote command. They can also be produced with two commands,\Kthe \footnotemark and the \footnotetext commands. See the specific commanda8for information on why you would use one over the other. 4 \footnotes.s\footnote [number] {text}t.sMThe \footnote command places the numbered footnote text at the bottom of the rLcurrent page. The optional argument, number, is used to change the default Hfootnote number. This command can only be used in outer paragraph mode.4 \footnotemarkm.sMThe \footnotemark command puts the footnote number in the text. This commandtMcan be used in inner paragraph mode. The text of the footnote is supplied byathe \footnotetext command.4 \footnotetextw.s\footnotetext [number] {text}l.sMThe \footnotetext command produces the text to be placed at the bottom of theoKpage. This command can come anywhere after the \footnotemark command. Thes:\footnotetext command must appear in outer paragraph mode..sMThe optional argument, number, is used to change the default footnote number.t3 IOCs.sGYou can use LaTeX to typeset IOCs. The ioc style has the same optional v parameters as the article style..s!An IOC is defined in three parts: .lsn.le;The IOC header.le;The IOC body.le;The IOC signaturei.els.s+The IOC header is made up of the following:\.ls"-"*.le;To list: this can be one or more names,.le;From list: this can be one or more names/.le;Copies list: This can be zero or more namese.le;Subject: Optionall.els.sDNOTE: You must include a blank line following the Subject parameter..sMYou may use any of the LaTeX commands that make sense within the body of the eIOC..sMThe IOC signature is made up of your name as a minimum. You may also specifyo+your department, mail stop, extension, etc.r.sONOTE: You must include a blank line between the last entry in the IOC signature and the \end{document} command.s.s2The default format for the ioc style is as follow:.ls"-"/.le;The To: and From: addresses are one-column.o&.le;The Copies: address is two-column..elsFThese defaults can be changed by setting internal switches as follows:.lt \let\To=\doublecolumnr\let\From=\doublecolumn\let\Copies=\singlecolumn,.el .sMThis example makes the To: and From: lists two columns while the Copies: listhis one column. 3 Lengthsr.sKA length is a measure of distance. Many LaTeX commands take a length as an argument. d 4 \newlength.s\newlength {\gnat}.sIThe \newlength command defines the mandatory argument, \gnat, as a lengthiHcommand with a value of 0in. An error occurs if a \gnat command alreadyexists.b 4 \setlength.s\setlength {\gnat} {length}e.sIThe \setlength command is used to set the value of a length command. TheaJlength argument can be expressed in any terms of length LaTeX understands,5e.g. inches (in), millimeters (mm), points (pt), etc.e4 \addtolength.s\addtolength {\gnat} {length}d.sMThe \addtolength command increments a length command by the amount specified l5in the length argument. It can be a negative amount.b 4 \settowidthe.s\settowidth {\gnat} {text}.sMThe \settowidth command sets the value of a length command equal to the widthtof the text argument.m 3 Lettersb.sMYou can use LaTeX to typeset letters, both personal and business. The lettereLdocument style is designed to make a number of letters at once, although you#can make just one if you so desire.e.sJYour .TEX source file has the same minimum commands as the other document ?styles, i.e. you must have the following commands as a minimum:e.lt \documentstyle{letter}\begin{document} ... letters ...\end{document}.elb.sKEach letter is a letter environment, whose argument is the name and address .of the recipient. For example, you might have.lt .\begin{letter}{Mr. John Doe \\ 2345 Jones St.  \\ Oakland, CA 91123}t ...f \end{letter}.elg.sKThe letter itself begins with the \opening command. The text of the lettermKfollows. It is typed as ordinary LaTeX input. Commands that make no senseiJin a letter, like \chapter, don't work. The letter closes with a \closingcommand..sNAfter the closing, you can have additional material. The \cc command producesIthe usual "cc: ...". There's also a similar \encl command for a list of t enclosures.x4 Declarations.sEThe following commands are declarations which take a single argument.i 5 \address.s\address {Return address}l.sIThe return address, as it should appear on the letter and the envelope. gISeparate lines of the address should be separated by \\ commands. If you Kdo not make an \address declaration, then the letter will be formatted for eFcopying onto your organization's standard letterhead. If you give an M\address declaration, then the letter will be formatted as a personal letter.a 5 \signature.s\signature {Your name}.sMYour name, as it should appear at the end of the letter underneath the space Ofor your signature. Items that should go on separate lines should be separatednby \\ commands.e 5 \location.s\location {address}t.sMThis modifies your organization's standard address. This only appears if the firstpage pagestyle is selected. 5 \telephone.s\telephone {number}d.sLThis is your telephone number. This only appears if the firstpage pagestyle is selected. 4 \opening.s\opening {text}m.sKThe letter begins with the \opening command. The mandatory argument, text,e6is what ever text you wish to start your letter, e.g. .lto\opening{Dear John,}.elo 4 \closing.s\closing {text}h.s/The letter closes with a \closing command, e.g.t.lte\closing{Best Regards,}t.eln3 Line_and_Page_Breaking.sHThe first thing LaTeX does when processing ordinary text is to translateIyour input file into a string of glyphs and spaces. To produce a printedHdocument, this string must be broken into lines, and these lines must beKbroken into pages. In some environments, you do the line breaking yourself 7with the \\ command, but LaTeX usually does it for you.t4 \\.s\\ [*] [extra-space].sMThe \\ command tells LaTeX to start a new line. It has an optional argument,iLextra-space, that specifies how much extra vertical space is to be inserted 5before the next line. This can be a negative amount.i.sKThe \\* command is the same as the ordinary \\ command except that it tells-LaTeX not to start a new page after the line.t4 \-.sJThe \- command tells LaTeX that it may hyphenate the word at that point. GLaTeX is very good at hyphenating, and it will usually find all correctpFhyphenation points. The \- command is used for the exceptional cases.4 \cleardoublepage.sMThe \cleardoublepage command ends the current page and causes all figures and Ktables that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. In a two-sidedaMprinting style, it also makes the next page a right-hand (odd-numbered) page,$producing a blank page if necessary. 4 \clearpage.sNThe \clearpage command ends the current page and causes all figures and tables5that have so far appeared in the input to be printed. 4 \hyphenation.s\hyphenation{words}i.sNThe \hyphenation command declares allowed hyphenation points, where words is aPlist of words, separated by spaces, in which each hyphenation point is indicatedby a - character.t d 4 \linebreak.s\linebreak [number]t.sIThe \linebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current line at the pointeHof the command. With the optional argument, number, you can convert theK\linebreak command from a demand to a request. The number must be a numberhFfrom 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is..sLThe \linebreak command causes LaTeX to stretch the line so it extends to the right margin.n 4 \newline.sMThe \newline command breaks the line right where it is. The \newline command $can be used only in paragraph mode. 4 \newpage.s+The \newpage command ends the current page.h i4 \nolinebreak.s\nolinebreak [number]r.sNThe \nolinebreak command prevents LaTeX from breaking the current line at the Npoint of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can convert theM\nolinebreak command from a demand to a request. The number must be a numberiFfrom 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is.4 \nopagebreak.s\nopagebreak [number]a.sNThe \nopagebreak command prevents LaTeX form breaking the current page at the Npoint of the command. With the optional argument, number, you can convert theM\nopagebreak command from a demand to a request. The number must be a numbergFfrom 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is. 4 \pagebreak.s\pagebreak [number]w.sIThe \pagebreak command tells LaTeX to break the current page at the pointpHof the command. With the optional argument, number, you can convert theK\pagebreak command from a demand to a request. The number must be a numberBFfrom 0 to 4. The higher the number, the more insistent the request is.3 Making_Paragraphs .sGA paragraph is ended by one or more completely blank lines -- lines notnJcontaining even an %. A blank line should not appear where a new paragraphJcannot be started, such as in math mode or in the argument of a sectioning command. o 4 \indentl.sMThis produces a horizontal spce whose width equals the width of the paragraph&Pindentation. It is used to add paragraph indentation where it would otherwise be supressed. 4 \noindentc.sHWhen used at the beginning of the paragraph, it suppresses the paragraphDindentation. It has noeffect when used in the middle of a paragraph.4 \par.sEEquivalent to a blank line; oftenused to make command and environmentadefinitions easier to read.l "3 Math_Formulasi.sLThere are three environments that put LaTeX in math mode: math, displaymath,Land equation. The math environment is for formulas that appear right in theKtext. The displaymath environment is for formulas that appear on their owntKline. The equation environment is the same as the displaymath environment l;except that it adds an equation number in the right margin.u.sGThe math environment can be used in both paragraph and LR mode, but theaIdisplaymath and equation environments can be used only in paragraph mode.sJThe math and displaymath environments are used so often that they have thefollowing short forms:.ls" "0.le;\(...\) instead of \begin{math}...\end{math}>.le;\[...\] instead of \begin{displaymath}...\end{displaymath}.elsLIn fact, the math environment is so common that it has an even shorter form:.ls" ".le;$ ... $ instead of \(...\).els4 Subscripts_and_Superscriptso.sLTo get an expression exp to appear as a subscript, you just type _{exp}. ToPget exp to appear as a superscript, you type ^{exp}. LaTeX handles superscriptedNsuperscripts and all of that stuff in the natural way. It even does the right<thing when something has both a subscript and a superscript.4 Math_Symbols.sHTeX provides almost any mathematical symbol you're likely to need. The Icommands for generating them can be used only in math mode. For example,\Iif you include $\pi$ in your source, you will get the symbol "pi" in yourdoutput.a4 Spacing_in_Math_Mode.sPIn a math environment, LaTeX ignores the spaces you type and puts in the spacingGthat it thinks is best. LaTeX formats mathematics the way it's done in tFmathematics texts. If you want different spacing, LaTeX provides the -following four commands for use in math mode:s.ls.le;\; - a thick space.le;\: - a medium spacer.le;\, - a thin space[.le;\! - a negative thin space.els4 Math_Miscellany 5 \cdots.sNThe \cdots command produces a horizontal ellipsis where the dots are raised tothe center of the line. 5 \ddots .s0The \ddots command produces a diagonal ellipsis.5 \frace.s\frac {num} {den}\.s;The \frac command produces the fraction num divided by den.e5 \ldots.sIThe \ldots command produces an ellipsis. This command works in any mode, not just math mode.r 5 \overbrace.s\overbrace {text}l.s3The \overbrace command generates a brace over text. 5 \overline .s\overline {text}.s?The \overline command causes the argument text to be overlined. 5 \sqrtu.s\sqrt [root] {arg}.sIThe \sqrt command produces the square root of its argument. The optionalnGargument, root, determines what root to produce, i.e. the cube root of &x+y would be typed as $\sqrt[3]{x+y}$. 5 \underbraces.s\underbrace {text}.s?The \underbrace command generates text with a brace underneath.o 5 \underline.s\underline {text}d.sAThe \underline command causes the argument text to be underlined.m8This command can also be used in paragraph and LR modes. 5 \vdots d.s0The \vdots command produces a vertical ellipsis.3 Modest.sMWhen LaTeX is processing your input text, it is always in one of three modes:e.ls"o".le;Paragraph mode .le;Math mode 0.le;Left-to-right mode, called LR mode for short.elsKLaTeX changes mode only when it goes up or down a staircase to a different eMlevel, though not all level changes produce mode changes. Mode changes occuroNonly when entering or leaving an environment, or when LaTeX is processing the ,argument of certain text-producing commands..sKParagraph mode is the most common; it's the one LaTeX is in when processing\Kordinary text. In that mode, LaTeX breaks your text into lines and breaks Cthe lines into pages. LaTeX is in math mode when it's generating alLmathematical formula. In LR mode, as in paragraph mode, LaTeX considers theIoutput that it produces to be a string of words with spaces between them.,NHowever, unlike paragraph mode, LaTeX keeps going from left to right; it neverMstarts a new line in LR mode. Even if you put a hundred words into an \mbox,sMLaTeX would keep typesetting them from left to right inside a single box, andpHthen complain because the resulting box was too wide to fit on the line..sKLaTeX is in LR mode when it starts making a box with an \mbox command. YoupJcan get it to enter a different mode inside the box - for example, you canLmake it enter math mode to put a formula in the box. There are also severalKtext-producing commands and environments for making a box that put LaTeX in Kparagraph mode. The box make by one of these commands or environments willmLbe called a parbox. When LaTeX is in paragraph mode while making a box, it Lis said to be in inner paragraph mode. Its normal paragraph mode, which it .starts out in, is called outer paragraph mode. 3 Page_Stylesp.sIThe \documentstyle command determines the size and position of the page's <head and foot. The page style determines what goes in them. 4 \maketitle.s \maketitle.sMThe \maketitle command generates a title on a separate title page - except ineNthe article style, where the title normally goes at the top of the first page.DInformation used to produce the title is obtained from the following declarations. 5 \authors.s\author{names}.sLThe \author command declares the author(s), where names is a list of authorsMseparated by \and commands. Use \\ to separate lines within a single author's Bentry -- for example, to give the author's institution or address..sPNOTE: The milstd and bookform styles have re-defined the \maketitle command. TheH\title declaration is the only command of those shown below that has any meaning. t p5 \date .s \date{text}e.sHThe \date command declares text to be the document's date. With no \date"command, the current date is used. 5 \thanksa.s \thanks{text}x.s5The \thanks command produces a footnote to the title.5 \title.s \title{text}.sOThe \title command declares text to be the title. Use \\ to tell LaTeX where to !start a new line in a long title.s4 \pagenumbering.s\pagenumbering{num_style} .sFSpecifies the style of page numbers. Possible values of num_style are:.ls"-".le;arabic: Arabic numerals[#.le;roman: Lowercase roman numerals.#.le;Roman: Uppercase roman numeralse.le;alph: Lowercase lettersn.le;Alph: Uppercase lettersf.els " 4 \pagestyle.s\pagestyle {option}s.sLThe \pagestyle command changes the style from the current page on throughoutthe remainder of your document.o.sThe valid options are:.ls"-"$.le;plain: Just a plain page number.;.le;empty: Produces empty heads and feet - no page numbers.oN.le;headings: Puts running headings on each page. The document style specifieswhat goes in the headings.N.le;myheadings: You specify what is to go in the heading with the \markboth orthe \markright commands..els5 \markt.s"\markboth {left head} {right head}\markright {right head} .sLThe \markboth and \markright commands are used in conjunction with the page Hstyle myheadings for setting either both or just the right heading. In Iaddition to their use with the myheadings page style, you can use them tomJoverride the normal headings in the headings style, since LaTeX uses theseHsame commands to generate those heads. You should note that a left-handNheading is generated by the last \markboth command before the end of the page,Lwhile a right-hand heading is generated by the first \markboth or \markrightLthat comes on the page if there is one, otherwise by the last one before thepage.,4 \thispagestyle ,.s\thispagestyle {option}c.sMThe \thispagestyle command works in the same manner as the \pagestyle commandn;except that it changes the style for the current page only.f 3 Sectioning.sHSectioning commands provide the means to structure your text into units..ls"o" .le;\parts .le;\chapter (report style only) .le;\section.le;\subsection:.le;\subsubsection.le;\paragraph.le;\subparagraphm6.le;\subsubparagraph (milstd and bookform styles only)9.le;\subsubsubparagraph (milstd and bookform styles only)l.els.s8All sectioning commands take the same general form, e.g..s\chapter [optional] {title}a.sLIn addition to providing the heading in the text, the mandatory argument of 6the sectioning command can appear in two other places:.lsn.le;the table of contentso+.le;the running head at the top of the pager.elsNYou may not want the same thing to appear in these other two places as appearsOin the text heading. To handle this situation, the sectioning commands have aneFoptional argument that provides the text for these other two purposes..sLThe sectioning commands have *-forms that print a title, but do not include Ja number and do not make an entry in the table of contents. For example, 6the *-form of the \subsection command could look like:.s \subsection*{Example subsection} 4 \appendix\.s \appendixs.sGThe \appendix command changes the way sectional units are numbered. ThetO\appendix command generates no text and does not affect the numbering or parts.s o3 Spaces_and_Boxes 4 \addvspace.s\addvspace{length}.sPThe \addvspace command normally adds a vertical space of heigth length. However,Mif vertical space has already been added to the same point in the output by adKprevious \addvspace command, then this command will not add more space thanlNneeded to make the natural length of the total vertical space equal to length. 4 \bigskip.sPThe \bigskip command is equivalent to \vspace{bigskipamount} where bigskipamount$is determined by the document style. 4 \dotfill.sPThe \dotfill command produces a rubber length that produces dots instead of justspaces.e 4 \fboxe.s \fbox {text}.sOThe \fbox command is exactly the same as the \mbox command, except that it putsr6a frame around the outside of the box that it creates. 4 \frameboxr.s#\framebox [width] [position] {text}c.sOThe \framebox command is exactly the same as the \makebox command, except that o>it puts a frame around the outside of the box that it creates..sPThe framebox command produces a rule of thickness \fboxrule, and leaves a space 6\fboxsep between the rule and the contents of the box.4 \hfill.sLThe \hfill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or shrink-horizontally. It will be filled with spaces. 4 \hrulefill.sPThe \hrulefill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or shrink8horizontally. It will be filled with a horizontal rule. 4 \hspace .s\hspace[*]{length}.sKThe \hspace command adds horizontal space. The length of the space can be rHexpressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, e.g. points, inches, etc.GYou can add negative as well as positive space with an \hspace command.u*Adding negative space is like backspacing..sMLaTeX removes horizontal space that comes at the end of a line. If you don'tsKwant LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional * argument. Then thehspace is never removed.s 4 \makebox.s"\makebox [width] [position] {text}.sMThe \makebox command creates a box to contain the text specified. The width Lof the box is specified by the optional width argument. The position of theDtext within the box is determined by the optional position argument..ls"-".le;c - centered (default).le;l - flushlefte.le;r - flushright.els4 \mboxm.s \mbox {text}.sLThe \mbox command creates a box just wide enough to hold the text created by its argument.n 4 \medskip.sPThe \medskip command is equivalent to \vspace{medskipamount} where medskipamount$is determined by the document style. 4 \newsaveboxe.s\newsavebox{cmd}.sODeclares cmd, which must be a command name that is not already defined, to be aobin for saving boxes.m l 4 \parboxa.s!\parbox [position] {width} {text} .sLA parbox is a box whose contents are created in paragraph mode. The \parboxhas two mandatory arguments:.lse1.le;width: specifies the width of the parbox, and /.le;text: the text that goes inside the parbox..els.sOLaTeX will position a parbox so its center lines up with the center of the textmMline. An optional first argument, position, allows you to line up either the e#top or bottom line in the parbox. s.sNA \parbox command is used for a parbox containing a small piece of text, with Cnothing fancy inside. In particular, you shouldn't use any of the Nparagraph-making environments inside a \parbox argument. For larger pieces ofJtext, including ones containing a paragraph-making environment, you shoulduse a minipage environment.o 4 \raiseboxr.s9\raisebox {distance} [extend-above] [extend-below] {text}a.sJThe \raisebox command is used to raise or lower text. The first mandatoryKargument specifies how high the text is to be raised (or lowered if it is ad;negative amount). The text itself is processed in LR mode.k.sMSometimes it's useful to make LaTeX think something has a different size thanyLit really does - or a different size than LaTeX would normally think it has.9The \raisebox command lets you tell LaTeX how tall it is.y.sKThe first optional argument, extend-above, makes LaTeX think that the text aNextends above the line by the amount specified. The second optional argument,Kextend-below, makes LaTeX think that the text extends below the line by the amount specified.e4 \rulet.s(\rule [raise-height] {width} {thickness}.sJThe \rule command is used to produce horizontal lines. The arguments are defined as follows..ls"o"A.le;raise-height: specifies how high to raise the rule (optional)r7.le;width: specifies the length of the rule (mandatory)t>.le;thickness: specifies the thickness of the rule (mandatory).els 4 \savebox.s\sbox{cmd}[text].brg\savebox{cmd}[width][pos]{text}d.sLThese commands typeset text in a box just as for \mbox or \makebox. However,Oinstead of printing the resulting box, they save it in bin cmd, which must haveobeen declared with \newsavebox.a 4 \smallskip.s \smallskip.sGThe \smallskip command is equivalent to \vspace{smallskipamount} where m4smallskipamount is determined by the document style. 4 \useboxo.s \usebox{cmd}.sDPrints the box most recently saved in bin cmd by a \savebox command. l4 \vfill.sLThe \vfill fill command produces a rubber length which can stretch or shrink vertically. 4 \vspace .s\vspace[*]{length}.sIThe \vspace command adds vertical space. The length of the space can be iHexpressed in any terms that LaTeX understands, e.g. points, inches, etc.GYou can add negative as well as positive space with an \vspace command..sKLaTeX removes vertical space that comes at the end of a page. If you don'tmKwant LaTeX to remove this space, include the optional * argument. Then thepspace is never removed.d3 Special_Characters.sLThe following characters play a special role in LaTeX and are called special2printing characters, or simply special characters..s.ltr# $ % & ~ _ ^ \ { }l.el..sNWhenever you put one of these special characters into your file, you are doingNsomething special. If you simply want the character to be printed just as anyKother letter, include a \ in front of the character. For example, \$ will pproduce $ in your output.f.sIThe exception to the rule is the \ itself because \\ has its own special e>meaning. A \ is produced by typing $\backslash$ in your file.3 Splitting_the_Input.sPA large document requires a lot of input. Rather than putting the whole input inOa single large file, it's more efficient to split it into several smaller ones.hLRegardless of how many separate files you use, there is one that is the root;file; it is the one whose name you type when you run LaTeX. 4 \include.s\include{file}.sMThe \include command is used in conjunction with the \includeonly command forkLselective inlcusion of files. The file argument is the first name of a file,Hdenoting FILE.TEX. If file is one the file names in the file list of theI\includeonly command or if there is no \includeonly command, the \includecommand is equivalent to.ltp"\clearpage \input{file} \clearpage.elhNexcept that if the file FILE.TEX does not exist, then a warning message ratherLthan an error is produced. If the file is not in the file list, the \include$command is equivalent to \clearpage..sOThe \include command may not appear in the preamble or ina file read by anothere\include command.a4 \includeonly.s\includeonly{file_list}o.sLThe \includeonly command controls which files will be read in by an \include,command. It can only appear in the preamble.4 \input.s \input{file}.sNThe \input command causes the indicated file to be read and processed, exactlyPas if its contents had been inserted in the current file at that point. The fileNname may be a complete file name with extension or just a first name, in which case the file FILE.TEX is used.  o3 Starting_and_Ending .sAYour input file must contain the following commands as a minimum. .lte\documentstyle{style}h\begin{document} ... your text goes here ...i\end{document}.elmAwhere the style selected is one the valid styles for LaTeX. See m&Document_Styles within this help file..sGYou may include other LaTeX commands between the \documentstyle and thew\begin{document} commands.3 Table_of_Contents;.sKA table of contents is produced with the \tableofcontents command. You putnLthe command right where you want the table of contents to go; LaTeX does theLrest for you. It produces a heading, but it does not automatically start a Inew page. If you want a new page after the table of contents, include a p4\newpage command after the \tableofcontents command..sIThere are similar commands \listoffigures and \listoftables for producingsGa list of figures and a list of tables, respectively. Everything workst.exactly the same as for the table of contents..sLNOTE: If you want a any of these items to be generated, you can not have the"\nofiles command in your document.4 \addcontentsline.s'\addcontentsline{file}{sec_unit}{entry}s.sOThe \addcontentsline command adds an entry to the specified list or table where .ls"-"P.le;file is the extension of the file on which information is to be written: tocD(table of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot (list of tables).J.le;sec_unit controls the formatting of the entry. It should be one of the9following, depending upon the value of the file argument:r.ls"o"D.le;toc: the name of the sectional unit, such as part or subsection..le;lof: figureg.le;lot: table.els#.le;entry is the text of the entry.o.els4 \addtocontents.s\addtocontents{file}{text}.sMThe \addtocontents command adds text (or formatting commands) directly to therGfile that generates the table of contents or list of figures or tables.t.ls"-"P.le;file is the extension of the file on whcih information is to be written: tocD(table of contents), lof (list of figures), or lot (list of tables).+.le;text is the information to be written. n.els3 Terminal_Input_and_Output .s 4 \typeout.s \typeout{msg}c.sPPrints msg on the terminal and in the log file. Commands in msg that are definedPwith \newcommand or \renewcommand are replaced by their definitions before beingprinted..sOLaTeX's usual rules for treating multiple spaces as a single space and ignoringIJspaces after a command name apply to msg. A \space command in msg causes asingle space to be printed.h 4 \typeine.s\typein[cmd]{msg}k.sNPrints msg on the terminal and causes LaTeX to stop and wait for you to type aLline of input, ending with return. If the cmd argument is missing, the typedOinput is processed as if it had been included in the input file in place of theaP\typein command. If the cmd argument is present, it must be a command name. This@command name is then defined or redefined to be the typed input. 3 Typefacesr.sKThe typeface is specified by giving the size and style. A typeface is alsofcalled a font.4 Styles.l9The following type style commands are supported by LaTeX.k.ls"o".le;\rm: Roman.i.le;\it: Italics. 0.le;\em: Emphasis (toggles between \it and \rm)..le;\bf: Boldface..le;\sl: Slanted.a.le;\sf: Sans serif..le;\sc: Small caps..le;\tt: Typewriter..els4 Sizesm..8The following type size commands are supported by LaTeX..ls"o" .le;\tinya.le;\scriptsizee.le;\footnotesized .le;\small.le;\normalsize (default)e .le;\large.le;\Large (capital "l").le;\LARGE (all caps)d .le;\hugeh.le;\Huge (capital "h")k.els 2 Parameters.s input-file.sKThe input file specification indicates the file to be formatted; LaTeX uses ITEX as a default file extension. If you omit the input file entirely, TeXt!accepts input from the terminal. t.sJOutput files are always created in the current directory; the DVI file hasKthe file type DVI, and the log file has the file type LIS. When you fail toHspecify an input file name, LaTeX bases the output names on the documentstyle you select.e 2 Qualifiers.s/BATCH.sISet batch mode -- no interaction on errors and no output to the terminal.nMNormally, LaTeX is set up for interactive use; it stops when it encounters an Derror and allows you to correct it, and prints status and diagnosticKinformation at the terminal. The /BATCH setting is preferred for batch use;KLaTeX will barrel on through as though you had specified `BATCHMODE' in the @input file or typed `Q' in response to the first error message. 2.! DEC/CMS REPLACEMENT HISTORY, Element LATEX.RNHC.! *3 30-JAN-1986 14:26:36 MCPHERSON "Correct errors in update" V.! *2 29-JAN-1986 11:16:52 MCPHERSON "Updated help files for the new LaTeX manual":.! *1 2-DEC-1985 09:24:15 MCPHERSON "latex help file"2.! DEC/CMS REPLACEMENT HISTORY, Element LATEX.RNH